The Mark V Tank

The British had 60 tanks in service by the spring of 1917. Improvements were made and the new Mark IV tank was strong enough to withstand the recently developed German anti-tank rifles. The Mark IVs were used at the Battle of Messines in June 1917 but those used at Passchendaele later that year tended to get stuck in the mud before they reached the German lines. Other problems encountered during this period included poor visibility, noxious fumes and high temperatures inside the tank.

The Mark V tank became available in July 1918. It contained a new Ricardo engine that had been specially designed for the tank. With new transmission and better gears, the tank could travel at nearly 5 mph. To help the tank tackle the wide trenches of the Hindenburg Line, cribbs were carried. This was a braced cylindrical framework which when dropped in the trench acted as a kind of stepping stone.

The Mark VIII Tank

The first tanks, Little Willie and Mark I, had proved disappointing but by 1917 saw the development of two successful tanks, the Whippet and Mark V. After the United States entered the war it was suggested that its engineers should join those in Britain to produce a new tank.

The first Mark VIII was ready in the summer of 1918. One new innovation was the separation of the engine from the crew compartment. This reduced the fire risk and helped stop fumes and heat from the engine entering the area where the crew worked. The armour protection was improved and the length increased to combat Germany's decision to construct wider trenches on the Western Front. Weighing 37 tons, the 34 ft. Mark VIII tank could cross a gap of 15 ft. The seven built in Glasgow (the rest were made in France and the United States) were fitted with Rolls-Royce aero engines.

JSOW (Joint Standoff Weapon)

Type: Air-to-surface precision bomb that allows aircraft to attack targets from increased standoff distances

Range: 30 miles

Guidance: Global Positioning System

Aircraft: Launches from Air Force bombers and Navy fighter aircraft

Joint Direct Attack Munition (JDAM)

Primary function: A guidance kit that converts regular bombs into "smart" munitions.

Guidance system: Global Positioning System (GPS)

Use: Kit can be attached to the 2,000-pound BLU-109/MK-84 or the 1,000-pound BLU-110/MK-83 warheads

AGM 154A JSOW (Joint Standoff Weapon)

Primary function: Air-to-surface standoff weapon for use against a variety of targets depending on payload
Range: Low altitude launch - 12nm, high altitude launch - 40nm
Guidance: GPS/INS (Global Position/Inertial)
Warhead: BLU-97 (Bomb Live Unit) - combined-effects bomblets; BLU-108 - sensor fused weapon; BLU-111 - 500 pound general purpose warhead
Sources: U.S. Navy, Jane's Intelligence Review.

UAV Predator

The integration between conventionally piloted aircraft and UAVs "was outstanding" during the Iraq war, the major emphasized.

Predator pilots "would identify a target and we would drop (ordnance) on the target - that would happen quite often," Valentine remarked. He said that UAVs "obviously have the endurance to stay in an area a lot longer than we have, because they use less gas."

The employment of Predators in the war against global terrorism "offers a lot of different capabilities," Vanzanten explained, pointing out the UAV's "laser- ball" device that's used to guide the Hellfires to target.

And the Predator has been used in joint-combined operations, he continued, noting that during recent overseas deployments U.S. Air Force Predator crews worked with members of the other armed services, as well as British coalition forces.

Capt. Sam J. Vanzanten, 32, is an earthbound controller of the Predator unmanned aerial vehicle. The eight-year military veteran noted he's been in the Predator program for the past two years.

Vanzanten, his armaments specialist, Air Force Tech. Sgt. George H. Russell, and their Predator were at Andrews Air Force Base, Md., May 16 for the kickoff ceremony at this year's Joint Service Open House.

The C-17 transport pilot said he'd put his UAV expertise to the test overseas in support of Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan and Operation Iraqi Freedom.

F-15 The Eagle

The first F-15 flight, involving the original model single-seater, took place in July 1972.

The most recent model, the F-15E, is called the Strike Eagle and sometimes the Beagle. It can perform air-to-air and air-to-ground missions. It can fly low, which enables the weapons officer to address ground targets while also identifying and striking at air threats.

The Air Force fact sheet on the F-15 says its avionics system “includes a head-up display, advanced radar, inertial navigation system, flight instruments, ultra-high frequency communications, tactical navigation system and instrument landing system. It also has an internally mounted, tactical electronic-warfare system, ‘identification friend or foe’ system, electronic countermeasures set and a central digital computer.” The Air Force has more than 500 of the combat aircraft.

The Eagle is a two-seat tactical fighter, powered by two turbofan engines. It is supersonic, flying at a rate of 1,875 miles per hour (Mach 2.5) at an altitude of 65,000 feet. It is more than 63 feet long with a wingspan of nearly 43 feet.

The F-22 Raptor

The maiden flight of the original test model was made in September 1990, and the Air Force has since ordered around 400 of the fighter jets.

The angles of the wings and the tail of the Raptor are aligned in way that makes it harder to spot; the slope of the main body and the fact that its weapons can be carried inside also help make it less visible.

The F-22 also has more thrust and a sleeker design than other fighters, so it can hit the speed of sound without using afterburner, which slows and limits the range of aircraft that need to use it.

It is also the U.S. Air Force’s newest fighter aircraft. It entered service in December 2005 after 15 years of testing and development. During this process, the airframe was significantly redesigned and production numbers cut, as prototypes of the Raptor failed to meet Air Force expectations.

SeaStar Unmanned Naval Patrol Vehicle

The Seastar is an Unmanned Surface Vehicle (USV) developed by Aeronautics Defense Systems for Naval operations.

Seastar open-architecture system design, controlled by Aeronautics’ unique and proved UMAS™ Multi-application Command & Control system, which enables:
Integration of the- SeaStar into any C4I network.
Command & Control of the- SeaStar from any maritime, aerial and ground vehicle or station.
“Plug & Play” integration of any kind of payload or weapon system.
SeaStar is a versatile platform for various applications.

SeaStar Payloads:
Day/Night (EO/IR) sensors.
Target acquisition sensors.
ESM/ECM ELINT/COMINT.
Sonar.
Public address system. Non-Lethal / Weapon Systems (Water/Noise/Stun).
Maritime stabilized Gun and Fire control system.

SeaStar Applications:
Harbor and Strategic Facility Protection.
Coast patrol.
Ship Protection.
Oil rig Protection.
Optical and Electro-Magnetic field of sight extension.
ISR missions.
Target designation
Jamming and Decoy Missions.
Force Protection.

Shaldag Mk II War Ship

The Shaldag MK II class Fast Patrol Boat is a combat proven craft for security tasks where high intercept speeds are required, such as interdiction of terrorism and illegal smuggling launched in 1989. Following extensive operational experience in different environments the boat was improved in all aspects.
Special characteristics:
High speed in rough seas, with good seakeeping and outstanding maneuverability
Exceptionally low slamming in all sea states
Dry decks at all speeds
Very spacious and accessible internal arrangement.


These characteristics are achieved by unique deep – V planning hull form. This design gives the boat an outstanding rough sea performance. The top speed of the boat is close to 50 knots.

Design and Construction
Hull, deck and deckhouse are of welded marine aluminium ally, with transverse frames and longitudinal.

Integral double bottom tanks contain fuel with an additional gravity fuel tank at the center.

The hull is divided into 6 watertight compartments which do meet strict international flooded damage stability criteria

The design and construction are formally approved by Lloyd's Register of Shipping . The stability conforms to the most stringent international standards for dynamic stability.

All machinery is located aft to minimize noise and vibration in the accommodation areas.

The full-height bellow deck compartments provide easy access to the main propulsion engines, their reduction gears and waters jets.

Fully air-conditioned accommodations are provided for 8-10 persons.

Armament
Typhoon G - mounting a 20 mm gun and electro-optics systems on foredeck and aftdeck rings for 20 mm. single gun mount

Spigots for 0.5" machine guns on both sides of the main deck.

The boat is able to accommodate most advanced new weapon systems, such as the rapid-fire stabilized gun mount, remotely controlled by a night vision system.

"GAL" type submarine

The Israel Navy has been operating the "GAL" type submarines since the 80's. They were built in the 70's at the Vickers shipyard in the U.K, based on German blueprints.

The GAL submarines are small and sophisticated. Their small dimensions make it difficult for detection. These subs went through a series of modernization and modification programs in the late 80's, which would enable effective operation of the subs well into the 21st century.

The Gal submarine was a CO-production of Germany, Great Britain and Israel. Based on a German 206A type submarine, Israeli marine officers and engineers added their input and experience. Due to political reasons the three submarines were built at Vickers shipyards at Barrow in Furness in the UK. The new Tanin and Rahav, and a completely new name for a submarine, INS Gal. The Gal subs were built according to the needs of Israel's marine battlefield. They had a crew of 23. Although small in size, the Gal subs were equipped with the most modern equipment and weapons for the time.

Main Characteristics
General Characteristics:
Small sonar signature.
Shallow water operation.
Low periscopic depth.
Very low noise level signature.
Multi purpose torpedo tubes (torpedo, missile mines…)
Small Crew size (23).
Simple to operate.
Long submerge endurance.
Upgraded and backed by I.N Know-how.
Training and simulation facilities.
Manufactured by Vickers Ltd., Barrow U.K.

Dimensions:
Overall Length 48.5M
Pressure Hull Length 32M
Pressure Hull Diameter 4.8M
Overall Height 8.8M

Displacement:
Surface Displacement 540 tons
Submerged Displacement 600 tons

Speed:
Snorting Speed 9 knots (Max)
Surface Speed 11 knots (Max)
Submerged Speed 17 knots (Max)

Operational Ranges:
At 6 Knots SOA 2,500 N.M.
At 11 Knots SOA 1,800 N.M.

Indiscreation Rate:
At 6 Knots SOA 30%

Edurance:
80% discharge at max. speed 45 minutes
80% discharge at 3.5 knots 30 hours


Propulsion & Electric System:
1 Propulsion Motor - 1320 kw at 290 rpm · Double armature, electrical and mechanically separated
2 Diesel Generator Sets · MTU 12V 493 AZ 80 Output power - 405 kw each
3 Batteries Sets - 120 cells each

Damage Control:
Fire Extinguishing System
Hydrazine System for Emergency Surfacing

Weapon Systems:
Weapon Control Systems
8 Multi purpose Tubes (21 inch)
Swim-out torpedoes
Space for 2 reloads weapon

Detection:
Atlas Electronic C.S.U - 3 - Passive Panoramic Sonar
Atlas Electronic IC-80 - Intercept Sonar
EDO

Navigation:
Kelvin 1006 I Band Radar
Magnavox Submarine Type - SatNav System
G.P.S Receiver
Litef PL - 41 Platform
Backup Anschuts 6 Gyro
EM log

Communication:
HF, VHF, HVHF, UHF & U.W.T Transceivers.

Periscopes:
Kollmorgen Type 901-
Double Ocular Attack Periscope Locally Operated
Kollmorgen Type 902-
Double Ocular Search Periscope (Optic, Video Etc.)

Accommodations:
Entire vessel is air-conditioned.
Captain, officers and crew separate quarters.
Fully equipped galley, cooking and refrigeration.
Wash-basin and toilets.

Infrared Sniperscope M1, .30 caliber carbine M3

The US Carbine, Caliber .30in, M3, or T3, was an M2 with suitable mountings prepared on the receiver to take various models of infra-red night-sighting devices. No open or conventional sights were provided. The M3, (its development title was T3), was produced in limited numbers as a semi-prototype. Only about 2100 were manufactured compared to 5,510,000 M1 carbines, 150,000 M1A1 carbines and 570,000 M2 carbines.

These infrared weapons were developed in 1943 by the Army, precisely to defeat the infiltration tactics of the Japanese. Although fewer than 500 units were actually used, the Sniperscope accounted for about 30% of total Japanese casualties suffered by small-arms fire during the first week of the Okinawa campaign.

Few combat personnel in the Korean War were aware that the US possessed infrared night-vision capability. Those who did know, didn't welcome them. Objections were mostly focused on their bulk and susceptibility to damage.

In part, the poor reception by combat units of night vision weapons was because the Sniperscope M1 did indeed have significant flaws. However, the vastly improved Sniperscope M3, with almost double the effective range of the M1, with a less vulnerably located IR light source, and with the T23 flash hider was available at about the start of the Korean War. Supplying only the M3, and in quantity, would have made the value of the weapon much more obvious, particularly if done before we faced the CCF.

In actuality, all these infrared devices would have been of tremendous value, if provided in sufficient quantities and with personnel trained in their use distributed along perimeter defenses and listening posts. The main strengths of the Chinese forces were their ability to move swiftly at night, locate automatic weapons and unit defensive weak points, move grenade and submachine gun platoons into striking range by stealth, and then attack violently without warning. Clearly, night-vision weapons distributed among rifle squads in perimeter defenses would have been decisive weapons. Their weakest feature was their active source, that is they illuminated the search areas, albeit with IR. Once an enemy had reason to anticipate their use, they could have used IR detectors and located the source from much further distance than the range of Sniperscope itself, enabling very effective counter measures !

SKS, Chinese Type 56 Rifle

Specifications:
Weapon nomenclature - Samozariadnyia Karabina Simonova (SKS)
System of operation - Gas, Semi-automatic fire only
Bolt type - one-piece, tipping, rear-cocking
Weight (loaded) - 8.8 lbs.
Length, barrel - 20.34 inches
Length, overall - 40.16 inches
Feed device - 10-round, fixed, staggered double-row box magazine
Sights, front - Hooded post
Sights, rear - Tangent leaf, graduated from 100 to 1000 meters
Cartridge - 7.62 x 39 Soviet M43 (Type PS ball)
Muzzle velocity - 2411 fps
Bullet weight - 122 gr.
Working pressure - 45,000 psi
Bore diameter - .301 inches
Groove diameter - .311 inches
Direction & rate of rifling twist - Right, 1 turn in 9.45 inches.

Operation:
When the rifle is fired, gas enters the gas port housing under pressure to thrust the piston rod back against the short tappet rod. In moving back, the tappet rod slides through a hole in the rear sight base and a corresponding one in the top of the receiver to strike the bolt carrier.

The claw-like arrangement of the bolt carrier cams the rear end of the bolt upward, unlocking it completely after 7/16" of rearward travel. The kinetic energy imparted to the bolt carrier upon being struck by the tappet rod is sufficient to cause the bolt and bolt carrier to travel together 3 7/8" rearward to extract and eject the fired case and to compress the recoil spring.

The compressed recoil spring forces the bolt and carrier forward to strip a cartridge from the magazine and chamber it. The camming surfaces within the bolt carrier force the rear end of the bolt down into the locked position. When locked, the lower rear end of the bolt butts against a hardened steel crosspiece set within the receiver.

Ammunition:
Surplus military ammunition from Com Bloc nations is currently banned from importation. Some ammunition imported before this ban is still available. Winchester (USA) and Remington (UMC) supply military ball type ammo in 7.62x39 which is superior to Com Bloc ball. Trajectory data supplied here is generic and presumes a maximum point blank range (bullet remains within 6 inches of line of sight) of 300 yards.

Russian 14.5 mm antitank rifle PTRD-1941

The 14.5mm bullet, probably the heaviest "small-arms" round found anywhere in regular service (the British .55 in converts to 13.97mm), was fired from a massive cartridge case. When redundant in its anti-tank role, the 14.5 mm became a heavy-machine gun round, and was used as a long range sniper rifle by the North Koreans during the Korean War.

Although the only effective infantry weapons against tanks by the time of the Korean War were HEAT missiles from the 3.5in super bazooka and the recoilless rifles, the PTRD-1941 was effective against ordinary transport, and much more effective and safer to use than the TNT satchel charges which were the primary anti-tank weapons available to the poorly armed CCF.

The rifle itself, while it appeared to be simple, was actually quite an ingenious design and (according to Hogg and Weeks) probably owed something to the German PzB38. The barrel was allowed to recoil in the stock and, during this movement, the bolt rode on a cam which rotated and unlocked it. At the end of the recoil stroke, the bolt was held and the barrel moved back into battery, moving away from the bolt to open the breech and eject the spent case. A fresh round was then inserted and the bolt was manually closed. In some respects, this could be described as a "long recoil" system.

The bullet was originally a steel-cored streamlined armour-piercing type, but this was superseded by a non-streamlined tungsten-cored armour-piercing-incendiary pattern.

The PTRS design of Simonov was contemporary to the PTRD, fired the same ammo, and allowed a clip-loaded magazine because of a more complex self-loading design. A gas piston acted on a bolt carrier to open the bolt, eject and reload in the usual fashion, and the gas regulator could be adjusted to give sufficient force to overcome dirt or freezing conditions. Nevertheless, the PTRS was less robust, much heavier and considerably longer than the PTRD, and both rifles remained in service into the Korean War.

Length: 78.7 in
Weight, unloaded: 38 lb 2oz
Barrel: 48.3 in, 8 grooves, right hand twist
Magazine: None, Single Shot
Muzzle Velocity: c.3320 fps
Armour Penetration: 25mm (.985 in!)
Ammunition: Soviet A/Tk Rifles: 14.5mm, 994 gr bullet; 478 gr charge

M1C Sniper Rifle

In Korea, snipers achieved reasonably consistent results with the M1C between 400-600 yards, with 600 being the maximum effective range. Partly this was due to the poor resolving power of issue scopes, and partly the lack of match grade ammunition. USMC snipers used regular issue .30-caliber ball ammunition. When obtainable, the heavier .30-caliber armor-piercing ammunition was used, for its increased stability at longer ranges, although both lighter and less accurate than match grade.

Like the M1, the M1C was a robust weapon, maintaining proper function and accuracy very well under combat conditions.

The M1C, configured as above, was approximately 36 inches long, weighing almost 12 pounds. On the basis of Infantry Board tests of the M1E7 and M1E8 rifles, the M1E7 equipped with a two and one half power telescope was standardized in June 1944 as U.S. Rifle, Caliber .30, M1C (Sniper's).

In order to assure meeting production requirements, the M1E8 was adopted in September 1944 as U.S. Rifle, Caliber .30, M1D (Sniper's), but except for a few prototype specimens the M1D was not produced during WWII, and would not properly be considered as a WWII infantry weapon. Relatively large numbers of standard M1 rifles were converted into M1D configuration during the early 1950's, but it was the M1C that was the principal sniping weapon for the American army in Korea.

US Rifle Caliber .30 M1 Garand

The US Rifle M1 was the first semiautomatic rifle to be the standard small arm of the US Military, requiring a trigger pull to fire a round but automatically chambering the next round. This not only greatly increased the rate of fire over bolt-action rifles, but made it far easier to reacquire a target after each round. It was also the first semiautomatic rifle to be adopted by a major military power. It was the product of a genuine genius, John Cantius Garand. While the M1 Rifle was never officially referred to as the Garand, it is known by no other name so widely. First adopted in 1936, the M1 Rifle served the US in World War II, Korea, a host of "police actions" and interventions, and, in the hands of allies, in the Vietnam War. Even there the US Army fielded accurized sniper M1 rifles even though the M1 had by that time been supplanted by the M14 and later the M16.

Criticisms of the M1 are its weight, limited ammunition supply, and that single rounds could not be pushed in (8 round clip, or nothing), although this is actually possible. Also, the spent clip was automatically ejected after the last round was fired, making a distinctive sound, which could be fatal in close quarter or sniper operations. Partially loaded or fully loaded clips could be ejected by pulling the operating rod handle all the way back and then pushing the clip latch on the left side of the receiver. In the heat of close action it was possible to do this accidentally, as by pressing the latch with the left hand while firing from the hip.

Operation: Semiautomatic, Gas Operated
Caliber: .30 (.30-06)
Length: 43.6 in. (1103 mm)
Weight unloaded: 9 lb 8 oz (4.37 kg)
Barrel: 24 in. 4 grooves, right hand twist
Magazine: 8 round internal box, clip loaded, clip ejected after last round fired
Muzzle: velocity 2800 fps, 2650 ft-lb Muzzle Energy
500 yds: 1918 fps, 1362 ft-lbs
Ammunition: .30-06 Cartridge, Ball, caliber 30, M2, 150 gr, 50 gr charge
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Effective Range: 440 yds
Classification: "Standard" from 1936 until M14 adopted in 1957
Total production: Approx. 4,040,000

7.62 mm Soviet Automatic 1933 Tokarev (TT33) (Chinese Pistol Type 51)

In 1930 the Tokarev pistol was accepted for service, but trials for another pistol were still underway when the Germans invaded. This ended the trials and the TT33 along with the Nagant revolver remained the standard pistol of the Soviet Armed Forces during WWII, and both weapons were extensively used by the North Koreans and CCF during the Korean War.

The Korean War Chinese Pistol type 51 was modeled after this Soviet weapon.
The only observable difference, the finger-grip grooves on the slide being narrow and more numerous than the Soviet models.

During the mid 1920's it was decided to replace the old Nagant revolver with a more modern automatic pistol. For one thing, the complicated firing mechanism of the Nagant revolver was considered not to be with the effort.

The Tokarev cartridge is a modification of the .30 Mauser cartridge (7.65x25mm), and the Tokarev design is almost a straight copy of the M1911 Browning. The only significant differences are the lack of a safety (apart from a half-cock position), the removable lockwork and that the magazine guide lips are machined into the pistol itself, a notable improvement.

Caliber: 7.62x25mm Soviet Auto
Ammunition: Type 'P'; 86 gr bullet, 8 gr charge
Length: 193mm
Weight (unloaded): .83kg
Barrel: 116mm, 4 groove, right-hand twist
Magazine: 8 round detachable box
Rate of Fire:Semi auto
Muzzle Velocity: 418mps (1375fps)

7.62 mm Model 1895 Soviet Nagant Revolver

The Nagant revolver was produced in both single-action and double-action versions. One characteristic of this revolver is that the cylinder moves forward before the hammer falls and the forward end of the chamber alined for fire telescopes the barrel. The cartridge outwardly resembles a blank cartridge, and has its bullet seated below the cartridge case mouth. The purpose of these design features is to prevent gas leakage at the joint between the cylinder and barrel.

It was highly doubtful that the complicated firing mechanism of the revolver was worth the effort and, in 1930, it was replaced by the Tokarev Tula 33 7.62 Soviet Automatic. However, it continued to be made in WWII, and numbers of the revolvers were used by both the North Koreans and CCF in Korea.

Caliber: 7.62 mm Double-action Soviet Revolver
Ammunition: Type 'R'; 108 gr bullet, 14 gr charge
Length: 9.06 in
Weight (unloaded):1.65 lb
Feed device: 7 round cylinder
Muzzle Velocity: 892 fps

Mauser C96 9mm Parabellum Pistol

Hand-made from fitted interlocking parts, the C96 broomhandle was never any nation's standard issue pistol but was a favorite sidearm around the world. Its effectiveness is measured in that popularity, the pistol being produced from 1896 to 1937, and was used in combat from the 1898 Sudan campaign through the Korean War.

When the last round has been ejected, the bolt will remain locked back, being held by the magazine follower. Because the bolt is being held back, you can neither easily nor safely load the magazine singly, but rather must reload by the 10-round stripper clip.

Its effectiveness also may be understood from relating its performance capabilities to the throes of chaotic close-range combat:

Semiautomatic, 10 round magazine, reloaded by a 10-round stripper clip, usable either as a pistol or carbine, firing an 85-grain bullet at 1,400 fps.

How to load and unload the pistol

LOAD
1. When loading the stripper clip, the grooves of the clip slide onto the rim of the case and holds it snugly in place. NOTE: THESE ARE DUMMY ROUNDS USED FOR EXAMPLE ONLY.

2. Looking down on the magazine well of the pistol, the magazine follower locks the bolt back when either the pistol is being first loaded or when you have shot it empty. Note the slot where the stripper clip is inserted on the right.

3. The first step is to cock the hammer and pull the bolt back and it will lock into place (being held by the magazine follower).

4. Next, place the stripper clip (either end) into the charger slots on the top of the barrel extension.

5. Using your left hand, push down with your thumb on the top most cartridge. Because the magazine is a double stack staggered type, it can be a bit awkward and hard to get started.

6. When you get down to the last few rounds, it is easier to push the remaining rounds into the magazine in a squeezing motion with your pointer finger.

7. When all the rounds are in the magazine, the striper clip will be what is holding the bolt back.

8. BE AWARE that when you pull the empty clip out, the bolt slides forward and pushes the first round into the chamber and the weapon is LIVE and HOT.

UNLOAD
Essentially there are two ways to unload the weapon. The Mauser Operators Manual says to fully retract the bolt (which ejects the chambered round) then release. Repeat retracting the bolt and releasing to unload each round singularly. When the last round has been ejected, the bolt will remain locked back (being held by the magazine follower.)

An alternative way of unloading the weapon is to pop open the magazine plate at the bottom of the pistol and dump the cartridges out. This, however, still leaves ONE loaded round in the chamber that will have to be ejected manually by retracting the bolt.

Japanese 7.7mm Heavy Machine Gun Type 92

As explained in the rifle section, both the Chinese and the NK began the Korean War with a large number of Japanese WWII weapons.

The 7.7mm (.3031 cal) Type 92 Shiki "semi-rimless" and 99 Shiki rimless both probably saw action in Korea, but the Type 92 would have been more widely used. We can't be sure, because at the time such polyglot weapons would have been in use by the CCF they were thoroughly kicking our butts and we rarely captured any of their arms.

The 92 could use both the rimless and the rimmed 7.7 round, and it was one of the most widely used weapons by the Japanese army in WWII. The rate of fire was low, and it had a curious stuttering effect, causing it to be nicknamed the "woodpecker", although it didn't sound at all like that bird. But, troops on the receiving end of this weapon never had any problem identifying it.

Weight: Unloaded, 122 lbs (55.3 kg)
Overall Length: 45.5 in (1156 mm)
Muzzle velocity: 2400 f.p.s.
Cyclic Rate of Fire: 450 rpm
Magazine: 30 round strip
Ammunition: Reduced-charge version of Meiji 30 infantry cartridge
Barrel: 27.5 in (698 mm), 4 grooves, right hand twist
Effective Range: 1000 yds

Bren .303in Mark IV Light Machine Gun

Properly designated as a Light Machine gun, the Bren was considered one of the finest such weapons developed in WWII. Gas-operated, its mechanical components are simple and easily understood; it can be stripped and assembled by a trained soldier in a very short time. There are only a few possible stoppages, and the Bren earned an enviable reputation for accuracy and reliability. The Chinese used the Bren much as US forces used our BAR, in support of squad-sized assaults and defense. The Mark I had an aperture rear sight controlled by a radial drum, with a shoulder support, and early models had a pistol grip beneath the butt for the non-firing hand. These augmentations went away quickly.

Operation Air cooled, gas operated, magazine fed
Selective fire, Automatic or single shot
Caliber .303 (7.696 mm)
Muzzle velocity 2440 fps
Capacity 30 round box
(MkI could also take 100 round drum )
Weight 22.12 lbs (10.15 kg) unloaded
19.14 lbs for Mk IV
Overall length 45.5 in. (42.9 in for Mk IV)
Rate of fire 500-520 rounds per minute
Effective range 550m (600 yds)
Ammunition (1) Ball Mk6; 215 gr bullet, 33 gr charge (1970 fps)
(2) Ball Mk7; 174 gr bullet, 36.5 gr charge (2400 fps)

M20 75mm Recoilless Rifle

Weight: 114.5 lbs
Length: 6ft 10in
Operation: Mounted on M1917A1 .30 caliber MG tripod.
Projectiles: HE, 21.86 lbs; High explosive anti tank (HEAT), 20.54 lbs; Smoke (T40, WP), 22.61 lbs
Range: 7000 yards.

The 75mm reckless gave infantry much the same power as if a couple of men were carrying around a German .88. It could take out a T34 at 400 yards, it could destroy pillbox or cave positions, and it could act as enfilading artillery support.

The 3.5 bazooka effectively eliminated the 57mm reckless, by providing about the same power and effectiveness in a lighter package. Together with the 75 mm reckless, the infantry were provided with a deadly effective combination against any enemy that might come at them on the ground.

M9A1 2.36in Rocket Launcher (Bazooka)

As against the heavier German tanks, the 2.36 in bazooka was not sufficiently effective against the rugged T34, arguably the best tank developed in WWII. The 2.36 could penetrate the T-34 armor, but only marginally, and could be defeated by the sloping, heavy armor surfaces. Unless firing from a flanking ambush, or catching the T-34 rounding a corner, the infantryman was faced with the 3.5in sloping frontal armor, and an 85mm gun. Actually, the 2.36 should never have been deployed in Korea, as the M9A1 and other 2.36 inch models had been withdrawn from service shortly after WWII, and nominally replaced with the M20, of similar design but with a larger rocket. The M20 was deadly against the T34.

Both the 2.36 inch and the 3.5 inch bazookas were deadly effective against dug-in troops, as a short-range anti-pillbox and anti-personnel weapon. They were also effective against mobile machine gun and mortar crews who moved forward with the second assault, or submachine gun, platoons, to support them at close range.

FM 23-91:Mortar Gunnery

Each round has fins to stabilize it in flight and cause it to strike fuze-end first. The propelling charge consists of a primer, an ignition cartridge, and (usu) four or six removable propellent increments. The primer and ignition cartridge are inserted in the base of the fin shaft. The removable increments are between the fin blades or the boom assembly. The projectile is dropped down the barrel, fin end first, the primer strikes the fixed firing pin which detonates the primer and ignition cartridge, which in turn ignites the propellent increments, forcing the round out of the barrel, carrying the primer and cartridge with it and readying the mortar for the next round.

General specifications
Weight: 136 lbs assembled; tube 44.5 lbs; mount 46.5 lbs; base plate 45 lbs.
Overall Length: 3 ft 9.5 in.
Muzzle velocity (HE): 700 f.p.s.
Rate of Fire: 18 rounds/min norm; 30-35 rpm max
Rocket: M7A1 shaped charge,rocket motor ignited electrically
Maximum Range (HE): 3290 yds
Sight: M4
Ammunition:
M43A1 Light HE: 6.87 lbs; range min 200 yds; range max 3290; 80% frag radius 25 yds (comparing favorably with 75mm howitzer); fast detonating fuse (explode on surface).
M45, M45B1 Heavy HE: 10.62 lbs; range max 2558 yds; bursting radius comparable with 105mm howitzer; equipped with delay fuse so some penetration possible for demolition use.
M56 Heavy HE: 15.01 lbs; range max 1300 yards; adjustable fuse for quick or delay operation.
M57 WP (White Phosphorus): 10.74 lbs; range max 2470 yds; designed to lay down screening smoke, but had definite anti-personnel and incendiary applications.
M57 FS: 10.74 lbs, range max 2470 yds; laid down dense white smoke.
M301 Illuminating shell: range max 2200 yds; attached to parachute; burned brightly (275,000 candlepower) for about 60 seconds, illuminating an area of about 150 yards diameter; used M84 time fuse, adjustable from 5 to 25 seconds before priming charge detonated, releasing the illum and chute.

M1911 Browning pistol

The Korean War Chinese Pistol type 51 was modeled after this Soviet weapon.
The only observable difference, the finger-grip grooves on the slide being narrow and more numerous than the Soviet models.

During the mid 1920's it was decided to replace the old Nagant revolver with a more modern automatic pistol. For one thing, the complicated firing mechanism of the Nagant revolver was considered not to be with the effort.

The Tokarev cartridge is a modification of the .30 Mauser cartridge (7.65x25mm), and the Tokarev design is almost a straight copy of the M1911 Browning. The only significant differences are the lack of a safety (apart from a half-cock position), the removable lockwork and that the magazine guide lips are machined into the pistol itself, a notable improvement

Caliber: 7.62x25mm Soviet Auto
Ammunition: Type 'P'; 86 gr bullet, 8 gr charge
Length: 193mm
Weight (unloaded): .83kg
Barrel: 116mm, 4 groove, right-hand twist
Magazine: 8 round detachable box
Rate of Fire:Semi auto
Muzzle Velocity: 418mps (1375fps)

WWII Japanese Nambu Pistol

Pistols were common in the Chinese army and somtimes served as a kind of rank insignia. The primary models were Japanese automatics firing the 8mm Nambu round (above), Russian and Japanese revolvers, and the Russian Tokarev pistols. Our Cal .45 M1911A1 automatic, the old holster stock Mauser, and various other pistols were also fairly common.

The 1904 Nambu was probably mis-named by Westerners because of a wrong interpretation of the Japanese system of chronology, the pistol's "04" designation probably referring to the fourth year of the Taisho reign -- 1915. The pistol exists in several types. The first version has a tiny cramped trigger guard and a magazine bottom of wood. All the first type pistols have a butt grooved for a telescoping wood/metal shoulder stock. The second version has a magazine, the bottom of which is aluminum, and a larger trigger guard. Designed by Kijiro Nambu, this pistol was never accepted as an issue weapon, although many were purchased by Japanese officers. The smaller Baby Nambu was issued to staff officers.
The Taisho 14 was an improved 1904 Nambu. That is, it was improved by simplifying the design to facilitate production, but did nothing to the striker spring which remained a potential source of misfires. It had double recoil springs, plus a magazine retaining spring on later models, which made removing the magazine difficult under combat conditions. The right-hand photo shows the enlarged trigger guard later added to permit gloved fingers. Its safety catch needed both hands to operate. Many officers, Japanese and doubtless some Chinese, were killed in action as a result of this poor design.

US Revolver Caliber .38 M1889 Series Info

Background: Modern .38 caliber revolvers have been in service since World War II (Colt and Smith & Wesson). Ruger revolvers entered service during the 1970s. During the mid-1980s, the M9 9mm semiautomatic pistol began replacing revolvers.

Length: 9.25 inches (23.50cm)
Barrel length: 4 inches (10.16 centimeters)
Weight: 1.9 pounds (.86 kg)
Bore diameter: .38 caliber
Maximum effective range: 82.02 feet (25 meters)
Rate of fire:
Rapid (w/o speed loader): 12-18 rounds/minute
Sustained: 12-18 rounds/minute
Unit Replacement Cost: $325

Features: The .38 caliber revolver is a pistol in which a rotating cylinder presents six loaded chambers to the barrel for discharge in succession. There are several models with 2-inch and 4-inch barrels in service. At least one of each barrel length is made by Colt, Ruger, or Smith and Wesson. The 2-inch barrel weapons are used by CID and counterintelligence personnel, and the 4-inch barrel weapons are used by aviators. The 4-inch barrel models are by far the most common in the Marine Corps.
All revolvers are cylinder-loaded, exposed-hammer, selective double-action, hand weapons. The revolving cylinder with 6 chambers permits firing 6 shots without reloading. The action of cocking the hammer causes the cylinder to rotate and align the next chamber with the barrel. At the full cocked position, the revolver is ready to fire in the single action mode by a "light" squeeze on the trigger. If the hammer is not in the full cocked position, the revolver may be fired "double action" by a longer, heavier squeeze on the trigger.

Browning 9mm FN GP35 Automatic Pistol

During WWII, many Browning 9mm GP35 pistols were made in Canada by John Inglis & Co of Toronto, and despatched to Nationalist China. During their victory in the Chinese civil war, the CCF captured many of them, and used them during the first year of the Korean War.

The pistol was developed by Fabrique Nationale in 1935 to John Browning's design, and represents an improvement over earlier models such as the M1911 Colt 45. The major difference lies in the disposal of the Colt's hinged link which effects barrel/slide unlocking on the recoil, substituting a shaped cam on the underside of the barrel, which operates against a fixed stud in the frame to do the same job. In addition it has a more comfortable trigger than the Colt stirrup-type. When pressed it rotates a trigger lever forward, rotating the sear lever which acts upon the sear arm, causing it to swivel and release the hammer. Stripping is also somewhat easier, and all early Belgian models, and the Chinese Canadian models, have a slot in the butt which permits fitting of a holster stock.

The GP35 greatest military asset is its unusual magazine capacity -- 13 rounds in a double row. The consequently bulky butt grip, together with an arched lower section of the handle section of the receiver gives the pistol a better than usual instinctive pointing quality. It is easily held and is a most handy weapon in action.

Primary function Semiautomatic pistol
Caliber 9 mm: bullet wt 115 gr, charge 6 gr
Muzzle velocity 1040-1500 fps depending on type and manufacture of ammunition
Magazine capacity 13 round, double-line staggered, box
Weight Magazine empty: 2.3 pounds (0.99 kg)
Length Overall 7.75 inches (197mm)
Length of Barrel 4.65 inches (118mm), 4 grooves right hand twist
Max Effective range 82.02 feet (25 meters)

Laser Focus for hand guns

Whether you own a handgun for self-defense, law enforcement, or recreation, a well-designed laser sight will dramatically speed target acquisition and improve your accuracy... especially under the toughest conditions.

Lasergrips give you:
• Instinctive Activation Just grip your gun naturally and the laser comes on.
• No on/off switch to find. No extra button to push.
• No fumbling when seconds count.
• Lightening Fast Target acquisition You'll shoot faster and more precisely than you ever thought possible with a handgun.
• Lasergrips clear, bright, long-lasting laser beam puts you on target at the speed of light.
• Repeatable Pinpoint Accuracy Tack-driving accuracy time after time.
• The laser adjusts easily and holds point of aim through thousands of rounds of fire.
• Enhanced Field of Vision, Now you can confidently focus on the target instead of the gun-our natural reaction whenever we're under pressure.

A Proven Powerful Deterrent The powerful presence of Lasergrips in self defense and law enforcement encounters has frequently de-escalated the threat and eliminated the need to shoot. We believe you should always be able to sight and shoot a handgun without a laser. This new technology was never meant to replace your fixed sights, but to supplement them in difficult situations-like firing on the move or from awkward positions, defending yourself in close quarters, aiming in low light where iron sights are difficult to see, and any time that you're under stress.
Under these kinds of conditions, our natural and automatic reaction is to focus on the threat, not the gun-sights. Using Lasergrips can literally mean the difference between walking away or losing your life.

Comp M2

The CompM2 is compatible with all 3 generations night vision devices (NVD) but is otherwise identical in construction to the CompML2.

The CompM2 is compatible with all 3 generations night vision devices (NVD) but is otherwise identical in construction to the CompML2. There is no ³off² position necessary on the CompM2 as the battery life at the lowest setting is more than years. Ten years is the life time of batteries.


Characteristics - Advantages

• Unlimited field of view
• Parallax- free No centering required
• Day sight and NVD Compatible
• Unequalled light transmission
• CETechnology giving up to 10 years of use
on one battery
• Increased aiming confidence
• Submersible to 25 meters (70ft)
• No radioactive components
• Unaffected by sub-zero temperature

Aimpoint ML2

The CompML2 is a day sight and is therefore not compatible with Night Vision Devices (NVD).

The successful CompM2 & CompML2 family of red dot sights and mounting systems for small calibre firearms such as pistols submachine guns and assault rifles have set a new standard for advanced sighting systems. Specially modified variants of the CompC designed to meet military requirements; these sights are used by many armies and Special Forces around the world. This sight has a special hard-anodized surface and the specification for water tightness is equivalent to a depth of 75 feet. The high quality requirements are designed to cope with frequent professional use on those types of guns that are typically used by the police and the military or for hunting under extreme conditions.

Characteristics - Advantages

• Unlimited field of view
• Parallax- free No centering required
• Day sight Only
• Unequalled light transmission
• CETechnology giving up to 10 years of use
on one battery
• Increased aiming confidence
• Submersible to 25 meters (70ft)
• No radioactive components
• Unaffected by sub-zero temperature

Ultimate Weapons

Future Military Robots

Since Robby the Robot first appeared on screen in 1956’s Forbidden Planet, science fiction in print, film and on television has pushed the limits of our imagination regarding machines of the future and their abilities to perform human tasks.

Project Alpha, a U.S. Joint Forces Command rapid idea analysis group, is in the midst of a study focusing on the concept of developing and employing robots that would be capable of replacing humans to perform many, if not most combat functions on the battlefield.

The study, appropriately titled, “Unmanned Effects: Taking the Human out of the Loop,” suggests that by as early as 2025, the presence of autonomous robots, networked and integrated, on the battlefield might not be the exception, but, in fact, the norm.

In support of the study, USJFCOM sponsored a workshop at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore July 29 through August 1.

“We call them tactical autonomous combatants because they’ll operate largely autonomously with some limited human supervision,” explained Johnson. “We’re talking about, where we can and where we have the capability of replacing humans. We’re not talking about the operational level or strategic level, but at the tactical level, still using humans where we need to. Using adjustable autonomy or supervised autonomy, humans will still have to interact with the machines and help guide th

Future Military Uniforms

Kinney and an army of engineers and researchers at the center, which conducts research and development for all the military services, is committed to reducing the load being carried by service members — while making them safer and more formidable on the battlefield.

Their goal, he said, is to incorporate new, lighter-weight materials to reduce troop loads by almost half, to 50 pounds or less.

At the same time, Natick engineers are exploring advanced technologies that will give warfighters of the future capabilities once thought restricted to the fictitious Power Rangers, Terminator and Contra series characters.

Tomorrow's warfighters, Kinney said, will wear uniforms with built-in chemical- biological protection, embedded with electric wires and fiber optics that give sophisticated battlefield capabilities. Uniforms will be waterproof and flame- resistant, with built-in insect repellent, antibacterial agents that help stop open injuries from getting infected, and even antimicrobial agents that keep odor in check. New synthetic materials being explored will make the uniforms warmer in cold environments, cooler in hot ones, and lighter in weight and bulk.

M16 combat rifle

Background: The M16A2 rifle is a product improvement of the M16A1 rifle. The improvements are:
heavier, stiffer barrel than the barrel of the M16A1;
redesigned handguard, using two identical halves, with a round contour which is sturdier and provides a better grip when holding the rifle;
new buttstock and pistol grip made of a tougher injection moldable plastic that provides much greater resistance to breakage;
improved rear sight which can be easily adjusted for windage and range;
modified upper receiver design to deflect ejected cartridges, and preclude the possibility of the ejected cartridges hitting the face of a left-handed firer;
burst control device, that limits the number of rounds fired in the automatic mode to three per trigger pull, which increases accuracy while reducing ammunition expenditure;
muzzle compensator, designed to reduce position disclosure and improve controllability and accuracy in both burst and rapid semi-automatic fire;
heavier barrel with a 1 in 7 twist to fire NATO standard SS 109 type (M855) ammunition which is also fired from the M249 Squad Automatic Weapon (SAW). This further increases the effective range and penetration of the rifle cartridge. The M16A2 will also shoot the older M193 ammunition designed for a 1 in 12 twist.

Primary function: Infantry weapon
Manufacturer: Colt Manufacturing and Fabrique Nationale Manufacturing Inc.
Length: 39.63 inches (100.66 centimeters)
Weight, with 30 round magazine: 8.79 pounds (3.99 kilograms)
Bore diameter: 5.56mm (.233 inches)
Maximum effective range:
Area target: 2,624.8 feet (800 meters)
Point target: 1,804.5 feet (550 meters)
Muzzle velocity: 2,800 feet (853 meters) per second
Rate of fire:
Cyclic: 800 rounds per minute
Sustained: 12-15 rounds per minute
Semiautomatic: 45 rounds per minute
Burst: 90 rounds per minute
Magazine capacity: 30 rounds
Unit Replacement Cost: $586

Features: The M16A2 5.56mm rifle is a lightweight, air-cooled, gas-operated, magazine-fed, shoulder- or hip-fired weapon designed for either automatic fire (3-round bursts) or semiautomatic fire (single shot) through the use of a selector lever.

Israeli-Weapons

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